Entreprenenuship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Entreprenenuship - Essay Example However, the success rate associated with such business models depends on the business scope and strategic effectiveness of an entrepreneur. Specifically mentioning, the UK’s domestic market has currently emerged out of an economic recession. In this regard, it can be predicted about the difficulties faced for the success of the small and medium scale entrepreneurial businesses. Justification to this statement can be provided depending on the fact that within a stabilized economy, the existence of government restrains will be comparatively less and the scope of carrying out the business processes in an appropriate manner will be high (Trading Economics, 2014). Taking consideration of the aforementioned aspects, the discussion focuses towards understanding the significance of growing entrepreneurial business within an economically stabilizing nation such as the UK. In this context, different theories are considered with the aim of having a better understanding about entrepreneurial activity in the UK. Based on the above graph, it can be analysed that the UK economy has drastically entered into a state of instability between the periods of 2012 and 2013. However, the nation appears to have shown appreciable amount of economic growth between the 3rd quarter of 2013 and the final quarter of 2014. Thus, the nation has made consistent efforts towards attracting the attention of the young entrepreneurs who intended to establish their own business and contribute to the economic wellbeing of the UK. With stability within the economic growth pace, the chances of opportunity for entrepreneurship will be much higher in comparison to that of the necessity of entrepreneurship. Moreover, after the economic recession state, the UK government structure has also projected appreciable amount of flexibility within new business licensing and registration procedures in order to create the overall business establishment for new entrepreneurs as

Contemporary Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contemporary Ethics - Essay Example Internet and cell phone communications have been cited as tools for Cyber bullying. According to Hopline, what appalls even more is that Cyber bullying occurs during kids’ class time. Hopline cites that cyber bullying has far reaching implications on kids, so that the victims (kids) of cyber bullying only feel safe when in their bedrooms. According to Hopline, it does not under all circumstances hold that cyber bullying causes physical harm. However, cyber bullying is mostly associated with causation of harmful emotional fallout which may cumulate to other gar reaching consequences. Hopeline cites an example of Megan Meier; the girl aged 13 who committed suicide after belittlement by a hacker (her mother’s friend) that posed on MySpace as a boy aged 16 years. Hopline acknowledges that peer to peer cyber bullying is the most rampant, but its implications are not so severe. Effective curbing of cyber bullying would entail instilling of ethical morals among the youth, whic h will help them suit to information technologies. Hopline argues that there can be no an over-reactive approach as parents barring their kids from accessing technology in attempt to curb cyber bullying. Hopline suggests that an appropriate ramification procedure would entail the parents convening to open meetings, where then the parents can share and appropriately advice their kids on cyber bullying. Parents should be tactical so to dispel rebellion from their kids. Parents should not ignore the fact that all have under high risks of cyber bullying; terms such as ‘some kids are immune’ should not exist since all are sensitive to belittlement. Other intervention techniques should encompass teaching the kids on the importance of respect. In the case where kids are cyber-bullied, appropriate intervention procedures should be followed before the situation gets out of hand. It is factual that

Bell Helicopters: A Legacy of Global Innovation

Bell Helicopters: A Legacy of Global Innovation Abstract   Ã‚   Bell Helicopters began as an adventure of Lawrence Bell when he created Bell Aircraft Corporation. Through his admiration for aviation, a company grew that would help the allies, with the P-39 fighter and B-29 bomber, win the Second World War and conquer the demon of the sound barrier by reaching Mach 1 with the X-1 flown by Captain Chuck Yeager. When Larry Bell turned his passion to vertical flight, a new industry was born, the helicopter. Bell Aircraft would become the first company to mass produce the helicopter and produced such icons as the Bell Huey, Huey Cobra, and Bell Kiowa. These helicopters would redefine modern warfare and pave the way for civilian use of the machines. Bell Helicopters would emerge from the Bell Aircraft Corporation and produce helicopters for the world. The Model 206, Jet Ranger would see significant use in every corner of the globe in almost any helicopter job imaginable. Bell Helicopters would create alliances with companies such as Agusta, Boeing, and Air Methods Corporation and eventually merge with and become a subsidiary of the global Textron Corporation. Bell Helicopter continues to be an international leader in technologies and airframes with annual global revenue of $3.5 billion, and whose services and products, such as the Bell 505-X and the Bell 525 Relentless, will serve the global economy for the far-reaching future. Helicopters have played a vital role in aviation since their inception in the late 1930s. While airplanes travel specifically from point to point, helicopters provide the enroute services to the destination. The helicopter was born during the first half century of powered flight and several key inventors at the time stand out. This paper will follow one of them, Lawrence Bell, namesake of Bell Helicopters. During the early years of flight, airplanes were capturing the hearts of crowds everywhere with their ever-increasing speeds, distances, and capabilities. Larry Bell, an aircraft designer and manufacturer saw the potential for a closer to the earth, smaller, more personal airframe that would serve both military and civilian needs. Bell Aircraft Corporation, as Bell Helicopters was initially named, would begin by producing aircraft for the WWII effort and followed with vital X- programs in aircraft design. Their aircraft would provide the Axis powers with the equipment necessary to win the war and the development and realization of supersonic flight that followed. When Larry Bell realized the need for a civilian version of military helicopters, Bell Helicopters was established and has grown today into an international phenomenon that influences people all over the world. Almost all communities in the world are effected by the work that helicopters perform on a daily basis and a significant portion of those helicopters have been built by Bell Helicopters. This paper shares an insight into the history, formative years, programs, legacy, current and future products, mergers, international challenges and businesses, and future forecast for Bell Helicopters; a legacy of global innovation. Larry Bell: The Nucleus of the Innovation Lawrence Bell was born in a rural town in Indiana in 1894, but his love of aviation and airplanes began, like so many aviation enthusiast, after attending an airshow, when his family moved to California just before his 16th birthday. Bell never finished high school and dropped out to join his older brother, Grover, who had become an exhibition pilot, working with Lincoln Beachey and pioneer airplane builder Glenn L. Martin of the Martin Company. Larry Bell began to work as an aircraft mechanic but became a stockroom clerk after his brother was killed in an aircraft accident. Moving up the company, Bell rose to vice president and general manager in 1920, of the aircraft manufacturing and demonstration company. Nevertheless in 1925, after disagreements with Martin, Larry Bell left the Martin Company. It would be three years before he would return to the aircraft manufacturing business, and this time, Bell was promised guarantees of interest in the company. That company, Consolidated A ircraft, would give Bell the experience he needed to foster his own company, and when Consolidated moved to California from New York, Larry Bell and his general manager would stay behind and develop their own company. Bell Aircraft, opened its doors in July of 1935, by renting space in the former Consolidated Aircraft plant in New York (Lips, 2007). The company would build its first aircraft, the XFM-1 Airacuda, for the U.S. military, in 1937. Even though only thirteen airframes were built, it proved that Bell Aircraft Company could produce high quality, innovatively designed aircraft. The company was substantiated. Establishing a Legacy In 1938, Bell was sent to Europe with other leaders in the aviation industry to observe aviation capabilities at the time. While in Germany, Bell was enthralled by the German mass-production assembly lines as opposed to the workshop, single airframe production at home. He would write home Production methods here are far superior to anything in America or any other country, because theyre doing this on a large scale that lends itself to progressive production methods (Lips, 2007). During his tours of the German production factories, Larry Bell would see a craft that would profoundly impress him, a Focke Fa 61 helicopter. He would file this away for later when the aircraft would change him and his namesake company. On returning to Buffalo, N.Y., Bell would introduce the mass production he had observed in Germany. In 1938, he would begin design of an aircraft that would allow the company to go from producing only 13 aircraft in a year to assembling over 20 a day, innovating the mass production methods for aircraft assembly. This aircraft, the P-39 Airacobra, of which over 9,500 would be built was initially intended for the American and British military. Though design augmentations and changes would prove the aircraft undesirable for its original clients, the Soviets, through the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, would acquire the airframe and become Bells first international aircraft transactions. The Second Great War During World War II, Bell Aircraft would diversify and develop separate divisions to facilitate the production of other projects for the war effort. It would also create the Bell Modification Center, which during the war would modify aircraft and give valuable experience for the Bell employees when the time came to transition aircraft from military to fulfill civilian needs. The Bell Aircraft Company would continue its development of aircraft with the P-63 King Cobra, a modified and upgraded version of the P-39 Airacobra. The company would also open a plant in Marietta, GA that helped produce the famous B-29 bombers until 1946 when the production ceased. This plant, the first in the South would stand to be an economic boom for the region as most aircraft manufacturing was completed in the Northeast or West Coast of the U.S. (Superfortress,2017). The X Planes Americas first jet powered airplane, the XP-59 was developed by Bell Aircraft in secrecy during 1942. Although the aircraft would never see combat during the war, the technologies and designs produced in the development of the XP-59 would usher the Americans into the jet age. In 1944, Bell Aircraft realized the need for a high-speed research aircraft that could explore and test new speed frontiers (Lips, 2007). On October 14, 1947, using a Navy engine, the Bell X-1 piloted by Captain Charles Yeager, would become the first aircraft to break the impenetrable sound barrier by traveling faster than Mach 1.0. The X-1 program would set the pattern for all future X-craft programs and the X-1 project defined and solidified the post-war cooperation between U.S. military needs, civil industrial capabilities, and research facilities (NASA,2008). Bell would continue with the X-planes creating the X-5, which was the first aircraft to test the ability to change the sweep angle of its wings in flig ht, and the X-14 (Type 68), a long running test platform for vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) that incorporated vectored thrust. Bell Aircraft would become a leader in the theory of tilt-rotor VTOL, first with the XV-3 then with the X-22, a quad-ducted fan tilt-rotor. The XV-15, a tri-bladed rotating wing-pod VTOL, would take the company into a new direction by providing the technology that would set the stage for the future of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. No Runway Needed: the Age of the Rotorcraft When Lawrence Bell first became intrigued in Germany with the helicopter design witnessed, he may not have known the true impact it would have on his future. Bell had heard of a young inventor and philosophy student, Author Middleton, who had developed a working model of a helicopter, and in 1941 brought him onboard to lead a team to create and construct the first Bell helicopter. The team would set up shop in a newly acquired, former Chrysler dealership, in Gardenville, N.Y. Six months later the team had a helicopter made of plywood beams, magnesium, fir and balsa wood rotor blades, and powered by a 165-hp Franklin engine, the Bell Model 30, whos first flight was on December 29, 1942 (Bell Helicoters,2017). Production and design correction were made on the aircraft and in 1946 the renamed Model 47 was granted the first commercial type certificate for a rotorcraft. This would open the door for the increased research and development of further helicopters. Larry Bell, in response to m arketing research, directed the engineering team to begin construction on a larger aircraft of the future for the civilian market. The answer from the team was the Bell 42, a 4 passenger helicopter whose design would endure into modern day helicopters. Unfortunately, there was no potential large scale civilian market for the new technology at the time and only two prototypes were made, forcing the Bell Helicopter Division to concentrate on military style helicopters. Bell Helicopter Division would continue the development of the Model 47 throughout the 1940s, but with the war effort and its associated revenue gone, a group of dissident stockholders would attempt a failed hostile takeover of the company. The company would weather union strikes and see its wartime employee number of 50,000 drop to less than 3,000 full time employees (Scranton, 2001). The 1950s saw a change for the company and in 1951 the Bell Aircraft Corporation Helicopter Division was relocated to Hurst Texas to separate and concentrate on the helicopter production for the military. The Korean war had ignited a requirement for helicopters and by 1953 the 1000th Model 47 rolled off the assembly line. In 1954, a critical component of modern day helicopters was developed, the turbine engine. This would give helicopters a more dependable form of propulsion and move the helicopter from a novelty into a fully functional presents in aviation. In 1956, Lawrence Larry Bell, founder and visionary of Bell Aircraft Corporation, passed away. His dreams and salesmanship for his aircraft, and his helicopters in particular, would set the stage for the Bell Helicopter Corporation to be established as a wholly owned subsidiary of Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1957 (Bell, 2017). In 1956 Bell Helicopters, would produce a helicopter that would not only change the company but change the world, the Model 204. This was the first production helicopter to utilize the turbine engine and the timing of its development on the world stage could not come at a better period for Bell. The U.S. military was searching for a helicopter for its utility use and the Bell 204 was selected. Research and development and would continue into the 1960s when Bell would begin producing in mass, the now famous Huey helicopter, whose name was slang from the military designation HU-1, (helicopter, utility). The Vietnam War would see this aircraft, and the helicopter in general, go from an indulgence to a workhorse. The helicopter would play such a major role in the conflict that the war would become known as the Helicopter War. Over 16,000 airframes have been built by Bell and its licensees of the Model 204 and 205, making it the most successful military helicopter ever built (Bell 205, 20 17). This airframe would be the basis for helicopter models that are still being built and flown today. To assist the 204 in its wartime mission, the U.S. military would also require a more formidable aircraft, an attack helicopter, and Bell would answer with the Model 209. The 209 would be a slim, tandem pilot seated helicopter, thats sole mission was with the armament that it carried. This was the first time a helicopter would be utilized in this fashion and over 1600 of the original production models were manufactured. Bell realized the effectiveness of the aircraft for militaries and to date has exported the product to the militaries of Bahrain, Israel, Turkey, Thailand, Spain, South Korea, Pakistan, Jordan, and Japan. These militaries, around the globe, will continue to fly variants of the aircraft into the 2020s (Cobra, 2016). Although these two aircraft would become the mainstay of the military effort for the last half of the century, a smaller, lighter aircraft would be the true link between military and civilian rotorcraft usage for Bell; the Model 206. The 206 began life not as a military helicopter but as a civilian light helicopter in 1966 as 206A, but was soon transitioned to its military version for a lightweight observation helicopter, the OH-58A Kiowa. The helicopter would perform well for the military and models C and D would be flown by the U.S. military into the new century. Sales of the OH-58A/C and D to foreign nations would include to Australia, Austria, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (Kiowa, 2016). But for Bell, the 206 would provide a tangent that would enter the company into a new era; the domination of the civilian helicopter market. The Bell 206 Jet Ranger would become the worlds most utilized light helicopter. It would continue i n production from the 1960s until 2010 when Bell delivered its last B206BIII Jet Ranger having built over 8,400 aircraft. The Jet Ranger continues to be the safest single engine aircraft ever built, with the lowest accident rate of any aircraft, fixed or rotary wing (Huber, 2010). Mergers and Ventures In 1952 the company began its first joint foreign venture with Agusta of Italy, whom it gave permission for the licensing of the popular Bell 47. Production on several versions and models would continue for over a half century with Agusta building Model 47s, 48s, and the Huey, model 204. (Agusta, 2017). The Bell-Agusta relationship would continue into the tilt rotor category and in 1998 the Bell Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC) would be formed to produce a civilian version of the tilt rotor vertical takeoff and landing aircraft designated the BA609. The collaboration was dissolved when Agusta merged with another European company, Westland in 2011 and the new company was named the Agusta Westland Tilt Rotor Company. Agusta was just one of the joint ventures Bell Helicopter Company would enter into. During the World War II, Bell would collaborate with Boeing in production of the B-29 bomber, and from 1984 until 2000, would join in an alliance with Fuji of Japan to product that countries model 209 (AH-1) attack helicopter. In 1960 Bell Aircraft corporation was purchase and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Textron Corporation. This provided the financial umbrella for Bell to increase its long-term research and development involving helicopters and other specialty projects (Gale, 2006). More recently, in 2000, Bell Helicopters and Air Methods entered into a strategic alliance that will produce medical transport helicopter interiors for the Bell helicopters that service the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) industry. To the Future and Beyond      Ã‚   Bell Helicopters maintains the focus required for creating rotorcraft to suite all the customer needs for the near and far future. From small to large, and with the capabilities to fulfill the roles that customers worldwide will demand, Bell Helicopters will continue to provide quality products at marketable prices. Under development are the Bell 505 Jet Ranger X, the Bell 525 Relentless, the VTOL V280 Valor. The Bell 505 is a five-place light helicopter that will fill a void in the Bell production line. The light helicopter category is the fastest growing of all the categories and the 505X is well suited to make the most of the needs of the consumers. The 525 Relentless will provide the super-medium helicopter clients with the performance and styling necessary to support a variety of customer needs, from oil industry transport, to medical services, to ultra-luxury transport. The VTOL V280 Valor will provide the enriched capability of vertical takeoff and landing and enhance the adva ntages of high speed deployment for the military sector. These aircraft, and the service and support that accompanies them, will cultivate the companys future endeavors for decades to come. Challenges and Trials The demand for helicopter sales, like all aircraft, are cyclical and difficult to predict and forecast. These swings in demand for new helicopters, and the accompanying services, could have significantly varying degrees of success or be unanticipatedly less than prediction models for the future sales. As Bell Helicopters world-wide military sales and post-sales service are a significant part of its revenue base, at 59 percent in 2015 (Textron, 2016), congressional appropriations, international priorities for defense spending, and instability in global events can have a significant effect on the helicopter market. Changes in governmental regulations on the export of military hardware and services to certain countries also has an impact on the ability of Bell Helicopters to maintain its production predictions. Civilian markets are just as unpredictable with factors relating to usage and economic stability. As industries reach a financial drip in production and operations, as recently in the oil and gas industry, who utilize helicopters extensively, demand for newer or replacement helicopters is shelved or new orders temporarily halted until operations have increased. As Bell Helicopters are marketed in U.S. dollars, any volatility in the exchange rates for foreign nations currencies, or fluctuations in foreign economic or political stability can have a detrimental effect on sales revenues and the ability to operate for post-sales service. New foreign regulations and laws concerning environmental protection, and those relating to climate change, are impacting the cost of product design and manufacturing and could affect the ability of Bell to operate in certain localities. The restriction of the operation of helicopters due to noise and emissions contributions in specified areas will have an impact on the requirement for new and existing products in countries with restraining regulations. Bell continues to develop and design quieter and environmentally friendlier products for inclusion into restrictive markets. The International Partnerships Bell Helicopters partners with over 50 global companies to provide the service and support for its worldwide customers. With logistical supply and service centers in Amsterdam, Prague, Canada, and Singapore, Bell Helicopters has a world-wide presence necessary to give customers responsive and accurate support. The Prague center is a state-of-the-art customization and delivery service center that upgrades the helicopter interiors of Bells customers to fit their individual needs. In Amsterdam, Bell Helicopters provides regional distribution and support for over 200 customers, in 55 countries spread across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Since 1974, the facility at Schipol, has been serving the European community by increasing the customer service capabilities. In Singapore, in addition to the marketing and service support provided to the military and civilian helicopter transportation industry of Asia, Bell Helicopters has opened a training academy for regulatory maintenance class es with theory and practical training (Gale, 2016). Bells largest manufacturing outside of the U.S. is conducted at Maribel, Canada. In 2016, Bell announced their plans for Mirabel to be the location for the final assembly of the new Bell 505X. Quoting Bell CEO, Mitch Snyder Our operations in Canada have been, and will continue to be, a vital part of our commercial growth strategy and Maribel will remain a cornerstone of our global production, RD, engineering, and certification activities. The Landing Bell Helicopters continues to be a formidable force for the future of vertical lift. By maintaining production cost controls at or below governmental contracted rates and providing on-time delivery of products, Bell Helicopters maintains a leadership in the military procurement of contracts throughout the world. In the civilian side, the innovations of leading edge technologies, and providing outstanding support for the entire life cycle of their products, will allow Bell to grow their market share. Civilian tilt rotor transportation is in its infancy and Bell is positioned to take full advantage of its continued growth. By focusing on new opportunities that arise and pioneering innovative ways for meeting their customers needs, Bell Helicopters will flourish and continue the vision of its founder for the future of vertical lift flight. References: Lips, J. (2007), Larry Bell: Aviations Super Salesman, Retrieved from: http://airportjournals.com/larry-bell-aviations-super-salesman-2/ Picture of Lawrence Bell, Retrieved from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/d0/Larrybell.gif Wright, T. (2011), Lieutenant Ivan Baranovskys P-39 An airacobras journey to the eastern front and back, Retrieved from: http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/lieutenant-ivan-baranovskys-p-39-41818469/ Darling, R. (2017), Bell P-39 Airacobra, Retrieved from: http://www.flying-tigers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ai2-P-39-Airacobra.-American-made-and-supplied-to-the-Russians.jpg Goebel, G. (2015), The Bell P-39 Airacobra and P-63 Kingcobra, Picture Retrieved from: http://www.airvectors.net/avp39.html B-29 Superfortress, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.boeing.com/history/products/b-29-superfortress.page NASA-Dryden History- Historic Aircraft X-1, (2008), Retrieved from: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/HistoricAircraft/X-1/index.html Pic Chrysler Dealership, 1942, Retrieved from: http://www.bellhelicopter.com/ company/history/1935-1949 The History of Bell Helicopters 1935-1949, (2017) Retrieved from: http://www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1935-1949 Scranton, P. (2001), The Second Wave: Southern Industrialization from the 1940ls to the 1970s, University of Georgia Press The History of Bell Helicopters 1950-1959, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1950-1959 Agusta, A Finmeocian Company, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.helis.com/ timeline/agusta.php The Bell 205, (2017), Retrieved from: http://www.helis.com/database/model/9/ Bell AH-1 Huey Cobra, (2016), Retrieved from: http://www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=13 Bell OH-58 Kiowa, (2016) Retrieved from: http://www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1 Agusta-Bell 206A Jet Ranger History and technical description, HAB,(2011), Retrieved from: http://www.heli-archive.ch/en/helicopters/in-depth-articles/agusta-bell-206a-jet-ranger/ Textron Annual Report and Proxy, (2016), Retrieved from: http://investor.textron.com/ investors/investor-resources/annual-report-and-proxy-materials/default.aspx Gale, T. (2006), Textron Inc., Retrieved from: http://www.encyclopedia.com/ social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/textron-inc Huber, M. (2010), Bell Ceases Production of its 40-year old Jet Ranger, Retrieved from: http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2010-09-21/bell-ceases-production-its-40-year-old-jetranger

A Comparison of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac      Ã‚   Why. Excuse me. Why. Does. Excuse. Why me. I mean. Excuse me. Why. Does. It . Always end up this way. Like this. A performance. It's my best excuse. And. I'm on the wagon. Again. Why. Excuses. Sitting in the state of a daydream. No. Falling. A performance. Why what it comes down to. Poetry. And. My two main men. Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. Both use their individual voice to perform the buddhistic beat they feel is part of their poetry/ their beatific movement. Even though these two poets influenced each other. And. Their voices are significantly different. Each has a personal style one cannot deny. And. Each boy added his separate beat to the music they created as a generation. A beat generation. Jack's buddhistic jazz/ blues chorus poetry is domesticized/ tainted Christianity-wise. And. Allen's sound becomes zentific without Christianity/ hanging on a cross in the backbeat of his prose poetry. While each may have his own personal style/ both poets use the same techniqu e in sound. And. Rhythm to give their audience something to bugaloo to. Excuse me. What's. That. Poetry. Baby. A performance. So. Please brother. Take a chance. And. Dance. (She says that as she shh shh shivers.) "It's all gotta be non stop ad libbing within each chorus, or the gig is shot" (Kerouac, 1). And he meant every word of it. Jack's system of jazz/blues choruses work on/carry on harmonically as well as through certain words or phrases put together through sound. And also like jazz, his music, seemed to happen spontaneously, like nothing was planned.   In the '182nd Chorus', the ideas behind the phrase "The Essence of Existence is Buddhahood" is carried on into the '183rd Chorus' with the phrase "This is the real Buddha" (Allen, 171). It is like a bar of music in a jazz or blues riff. The idea and sound of one chord moves into the next, traveling, never knowing where it is going to end up. Just like the idea and sound of one line in one of Jack's choruses moves into the next, traveling, never knowing where it is going to end up. It sounds and looks spontaneous.    And because of this it is meant to be preformed out loud so it can be heard like a jazz or blues riff wailing.

10 Major Agricultural Problems Of India Essay

Some of the major problems and their possible solutions have been discussed as follows. Indian agriculture is plagued by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade. 1. Small and fragmented land-holdings: The seemingly abundance of net sown area of 141.2 million hectares and total cropped area of 189.7 million hectares (1999-2000) pales into insignificance when we see that it is divided into economically unviable small and scattered holdings. The average size of holdings was 2.28 hectares in 1970-71 which was reduced to 1.82 hectares in 1980-81 and 1.50 hectares in 1995-96. The size of the holdings will further decrease with the infinite Sub-division of the land holdings. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar  and eastern part of Uttar Pradesh where the average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in certain parts it is less than even 0.5 hectare. Rajasthan with vast sandy stretches and Nagaland with the prevailing ‘Jhoom’ (shifting agriculture) have larger average sized holdings of 4 and 7.15 hectares respectively. States having high percentage of net sown area like Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have holding size above the national average. Further it is shocking to note that a large proportion of 59 per cent holdings in 1990- 91 were marginal (below 1 hectare) accounting for 14.9 per cent of the total operated area. Another 19 per cent were small holdings (1-2 hectare) taking up 17.3 per cent of the total operated area. Large holdings (above 10 hectare) accounted for only 1.6 per cent of total holdings but covered 17.4 per cent of the operated area (Table 22.1). Hence, there is a wide gap between small farmers, medium farmers (peasant group) and big farmers (landlords). The main reason for this sad state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land belonging to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This distribution of land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented. Different tracts have different levels of fertility and are to be distributed accordingly. If there are four tracts which are to be distributed between two sons, both the sons will get smaller plots of each land tract. In this way the holdings become smaller and more fragmented with each passing generation. Sub-division and fragmentation of the holdings is one of the main causes of our low agricultural productivity and backward state of our agriculture. 1/2/2015 7:58 PM 10 Major Agricultural Problems of India and their Possible Solutions 3 of 16 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/agriculture/10-major-agricultural-pro†¦ A lot of time and labour is wasted in moving seeds, manure, implements and cattle from one piece of land to another.  Irrigation becomes difficult on such small and fragmented fields. Further, a lot of fertile agricultural land is wasted in providing boundaries. Under such circumstances, the farmer cannot concentrate on improvement. The only answer to this ticklish problem is the consolidation of holdings which means the reallocation of holdings which are fragmented, the creation of farms which comprise only one or a few parcels in place of multitude of patches formerly in the possession of each peasant. But unfortunately, this plan has not succeeded much. Although legislation for consolidation of holdings has been enacted by almost all the states, it has been implemented only in Punjab, Haryana and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh. Consolidation of about 45 million holdings has been done till 1990-91 in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. The other solution to this problem is cooperative farming in which the farmers pool their resources and share the profit. 2. Seeds: Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained growth in agricultural production. Distribution of assured quality seed is as critical as the production of such seeds. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers mainly because of exorbitant prices of better seeds. In order to solve this problem, the Government of India established the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State Farmers Corporation of India (SFCI) in 1969. Thirteen State Seed Corporations (SSCs) were also established to augment the supply of improved seeds to the farmers.  High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major thrust plan to increase the production of food grains in the country. The Indian seed industry had exhibited impressive growth in the past and is expected to provide further potential for growth in agricultural production: The role of seed industry is not only to produce adequate quantity of quality seeds but also to achieve varietal diversity to suit various agro-climatic zones of the country. The policy statements are designed towards making available to the Indian farmer, adequate quantities of seed of superior quality at the appropriate time and place and at an affordable price so as to meet the country’s food and nutritional security goals. Indian seeds programme largely adheres to limited generation system for seed multiplication. The system recognises three kinds of generation, namely breeder, foundation and certified seeds. Breeder seed is the basic seed and first stage in seed production. Foundation seed is the second stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of breeder seed. Certified seed is the ultimate stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of foundation seed. Production of breeder and foundation seeds and certified seeds distribution have gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 per  cent and 9.5 per cent respectively, between 2001-02 and 2005-06). 3. Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides: Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years  without caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils resulting in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops are among t e lowest in the world. This is a serious problem which can be solved by using more manures and fertilizers. Manures and fertilizers play the same role in relation to soils as good food in relation to body. Just as a well-nourished body is capable of doing any good job, a well nourished soil is capable of giving good yields. It has been estimated that about 70 per cent of growth in agricultural production can be attributed to increased fertilizer application. Thus increase in the consumption of fertilizers is a barometer of agricultural prosperity. However, there are practical difficulties in providing sufficient manures and fertilizers in all parts of a country of India’s dimensions inhabited by poor peasants. Cow dung provides the best manure to the soils. But its use as such is limited because much of cow dung is used as kitchen fuel in the shape of dung cakes. Reduction in the supply of fire wood and increasing demand for fuel in the rural areas due to increase in population has further complicated the problem. Chemical fertilizers are costly and are often beyond the reach of the poor farmers. The fertilizer problem is, therefore, both acute and complex. It has been felt that organic manures are essential for keeping the soil in good health. The country has a potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and 160 lakh tonnes of urban compost which is not fully utilized at present. The utilization of this potential will solve the twin problem of disposal of waste and providing manure to the soil. The government has given high incentive especially in the form of heavy subsidy for using chemical fertilizers. There was practically no use of chemical fertilizers at the time of Independence As a result of initiative by  the government and due to change in the attitude of some progressive farmers, the consumption of fertilizers increased tremendously. In order to maintain the quality of the fertilizers, 52 fertilizer quality control laboratories have been set up in different parts of the country. In addition, there is one Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute at Faridabad with its three regional centres at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Pests, germs and weeds cause heavy loss to crops which amounted to about one third of the total field produce at the time of Independence. Biocides (pesticides, herbicides and weedicides) are used to save the crops and to avoid losses. The increased use of these inputs has saved a lot of crops, especially the food crops from unnecessary wastage. But indiscriminate use of biocides has resulted in wide spread environmental pollution which takes its own toll. 4. Irrigation: Although India is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only one-third of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important agricultural input in a tropical monsoon country like India where rainfall is uncertain, unreliable and erratic India cannot achieve sustained progress in agriculture unless and until more than half of the cropped area is brought under assured irrigation. This is testified by the success story of agricultural progress in Punjab Haryana and western part of Uttar Pradesh where over half of the cropped area is under irrigation! Large tracts still await irrigation to boost the agricultural output. However, care must be taken to safeguard against ill effects of over irrigation especially in areas irrigated by canals. Large tracts in Punjab  and Haryana have been rendered useless (areas affected by salinity, alkalinity and water-logging), due to faulty irrigation. In the Indira Gandhi Canal command area also intensive irrigation has led to sharp rise in sub-soil water level, leading to water-logging, soil salinity and alkalinity. 5. Lack of mechanisation: In spite of the large scale mechanisation of agriculture in some parts of the country, most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand using simple and conventional tools and implements like wooden plough, sickle, etc. Little or no use of machines is made in ploughing, sowing, irrigating,  thinning and pruning, weeding, harvesting threshing and transporting the crops. This is specially the case with small and marginal farmers. It results in huge wastage of human labour and in low yields per capita labour force. There is urgent need to mechanise the agricultural operations so that wastage of labour force is avoided and farming is made convenient and efficient. Agricultural implements and machinery are a crucial input for efficient and timely agricultural operations, facilitating multiple cropping and thereby increasing production. Some progress has been made for mechanising agriculture in India after Independence. Need for mechanisation was specially felt with the advent of Green Revolution in 1960s. Strategies and programmes have been directed towards replacement of traditional and inefficient implements by improved ones, enabling the farmer to own tractors, power tillers, harvesters and other machines. A large industrial base for manufacturing of the agricultural machines has also been developed. Power availability for carrying out various  agricultural operations has been increased to reach a level of 14 kW per hectare in 2003-04 from only 0.3 kW per hectare in 1971-72. This increase was the result of increasing use of tractor, power tiller and combine harvesters, irrigation pumps and other power operated machines. The share of mechanical and electrical power has increased from 40 per cent in 1971 to 84 per cent in 2003-04. Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest average sales of tractors during the five  year period ending 2003-04 and/West Bengal recorded the highest average sales of power tillers during the same period.  Strenuous efforts are being made to encourage the farmers to adopt technically advanced agricultural equipments in order to carry farm operations timely and precisely and to economise the agricultural production process. 6. Soil erosion: Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. This area must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility. 7. Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away price. In most cases, these farmers are forced, under socio-economic conditions, to carry on distress sale of their produce. In most of small villages, the farmers sell their produce to the money lender from whom they usually borrow money.  According to an estimate 85 per cent of wheat and 75 per cent of oil seeds in Uttar Pradesh, 90 per cent of Jute in West Bengal, 70 per cent of oilseeds and 35 per cent of cotton in Punjab is sold by farmers in the village itself. Such a situation arises due to the inability of the poor farmers to wait for long after harvesting their crops. In order to meet his commitments and pay his debt, the poor farmer is forced to sell the produce at whatever price is offered to him. The Rural Credit Survey Report rightly remarked that the producers in general sell their produce at an unfavourable place and at an unfavourable time and usually they get unfavourable terms. In the absence of an organised marketing structure, private traders and middlemen dominate the marketing and trading of agricultural produce. The remuneration of the services provided by the middlemen increases the load on the consumer, although the producer does not derive similar benefit. Many market surveys have revealed that middlemen take away about 48 per cent of the price of rice, 52 per cent of the price of grounduts and 60 per cent of the price of potatoes offered by consumers. In order to save the farmer from the clutches of the money lenders and the middle men, the government has come out with regulated markets. These markets generally introduce a system of competitive buying, help in eradicating malpractices, ensure the use of standardised weights and measures and evolve suitable machinery for settlement of disputes thereby ensuring that the producers are not subjected to exploitation and receive remunerative prices.

Mayan Culture

Modern Mayan culture has its roots in a very ancient culture. Ancient Mayan civilization spanned more than 3000 years and featured a written language, agriculture, a well-ordered social class system, a well-developed religious system, development of a calendar and trade. Much of the ancient tradition and culture has survived and been incorporated into the modern Mayan culture.ReligionMayan religion is a hybrid of Christianity and ancient Mayan beliefs and rituals. The sixteenth century church, a central institution in the process of conquest, set the tone of the future relationship by working to replace Mayan religion with Spanish Christianity and to Hispanicize Mayan culture in general. (Stoll, 2003)Although many of their Gods have been replaced with statues of Christianity, the stories barely resemble the Christian versions. Today, devout Maya worship at mountain and cave shrines, making offerings of chickens, candles and incense with a ritual alcoholic drink.The Maya are a very su perstitious people and have countless superstitions regarding events in mature which forewarn the observer of sickness, disaster, and death. Shaman/ daykeepers keep count of the 260 day ritual calendar and provide healing by identifying curses and offended ancestors, counting seeds and crystals in their divinations, and performing curando rituals.MarriageMayan marriage is not prearranged by the family, although in ancient times it was accepted practice. In the more traditional villages, the young man must still ask the father for his daughters hand in marriage and certain rituals are followed. There is a traditional engagement and wedding  ritual dance that many Maya use in their wedding ceremonies. Most young married couples will live with either set of parents until they can begin a household on their own.The average marriage age of Maya people is 16 for females and 19 for males. Very few Maya remain unmarried as family and children are very important to the Maya.FamilyFamily is a very important part of Maya culture. The average Maya family will have 6-8 children and most newlyweds have their first child within a year of marriage. In the domestic life of the Maya, family ties are strong, although outward displays of affection, such as kissing and embracing, are rare. Couples are considered affectionate if they carry out their respective duties faithfully. To their babies, however, the Maya are demonstrative and fondle and caress them, using baby talk as white parents do. It is evident that most parents are very fond of their children. Very rarely do fathers chastise their children physically and the mothers resort to harsh punishment only occasionally.  Ã‚   (Steggerda, 1941, p. 49)Food Production StrategiesMany of the Mayan still live much the way they did when the Europeans came, weaving, cultivating corn and beans and collecting firewood to cook and heat their adobe houses. Electricity and road access have not changed the local traditions. Corn, which was cultivated by the ancient Mayans, remains the main crop. Most farmers still use the slash and burn method of farming used by their ancestors.Other strategies are share cropping and renting land to grow corn crops. The Maya form groups of up to twenty men, usually kin, rent a large piece of land, and divide it among themselves. Although this arrangement is much preferred to wage labor on the plantations, it   requires a minimum amount of capital for transportation, food, tools, seed, and so on, and expertise in dealing with the Ladino world. Many lack these resources and are forced into the largest of the temporary migratory streams. (Early, 1982, p. 88)Outside ContactThe Maya, like most people who live in small and homogeneous groups where strong social controls operate, are conservative and unprogressive. Slow to take up new ideas, their attitudes and their material culture have been very little changed by modern trends and technological developments. Their pottery, weaving, and cross-stitch work have remained very much the same during the entire history of Yucatan. In general, they have not adopted the Spanish language but rather the Spaniards have adopted the Maya language.Their mode of dress has not changed appreciably for hundreds of years, and it is my belief that their daily life is very similar to that which their ancestors led. Only in the large Yucatan towns and cities, where social contacts are freer and where social controls cannot be maintained as strongly as in the smaller communities, are there signs of change. In such towns the European mode of dress is gradually being adopted, especially by the women, and cosmetics are commonly used. The people petition the government for radios, electric lights, and corn-grinding machines, and the idea of progress is gaining a hold in their minds. The cooperative movement and similar modern methods of economic organization are being tried. (Steggerda, 1941, p. 37)In Belize, the founding of the Maya Vil lage Indigenous Experience is attempting to change the limited outside contact of the Maya culture by exposing it to tourism. They hope to bring money to the communities and improve the quality of life in the villages. (Steinberg, 2004)Many other Mayan communities are following this example in an effort to become more modern but they maintain the ancient rituals and beliefs, much like modern day New Orleans.These five concepts show the history and persevering culture of the Mayan people. Traditions with religion and family provide a rich background to pass on to the next generation. While they are struggling to enter the modern age, many of the more traditional Maya see no problem with the lifestyle they currently possess.Living in the United States, technology is readily available and most people are adept at using it. Things we take for granted such as telephones, computers, television, and automobiles are slow to make their way into the more rural areas of the Maya culture but th ey live full lives without these things. This is a huge culture difference because most Americans do not believe they can live without technology.The family tradition is also vastly different. Americans live a much faster paced life and many things must be balanced: work, children, marriage. Mayan women are traditional homemakers and Mayan men do the heavy labor. American women do many of the heavy labor jobs and not many people can afford to stay home with the children full time.Both cultures have pro’s and con’s to their lifestyle and culture but both are ever changing and adapting to the world around them. Both realize the importance of religion within a culture and continuing the race through children. The United States, however, is not one culture but hundreds and this gives it a unique background. It is much more varied than the ancient Mayan history the modern Maya still cultivate.ReferencesEarly, J. D. (1982). The Demographic Structure and Evolution of a Peasan t System: The Guatemalan Population. Boca Raton, FL: University Presses of Florida.Steggerda, M. (1941). Maya Indians of Yucatan. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.Steinberg, M. K. (1994, Summer). Tourism Development and Indigenous People: The Maya Experience in Southern Belize. Focus, 44, 17+. Retrieved June 08, 2007, from Questia database: https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-19897117/tourism-development-and-indigenous-people-the-mayaStoll, D. (2003). Dow, James W. & Alan R. Sandstorm (Eds). Holy Saints and Fiery Preachers: The Anthropology of Protestantism in Mexico and Central America. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 9(3), 595+. Retrieved June 09, 2007

CTY SAT Score Requirements

CTY SAT Score Requirements SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve decided that you want to take part in the Center for Talented Youth (CTY)at Johns Hopkins University. Good for you!Having made this decision, however, you probably have some questions about test score requirements.Do you have to take the SAT to apply for CTY or its programs? What does taking the SAT qualify you for, and how well do you have to do on it? I’ll answer all these questions, and even manage to squeeze in an example from Shakespeare, if you’ll just read on.